♥Mesosphere♥

Mesosphere

The structure of the Earth's atmosphere: Mesosphere

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Mesosphere The temperature decreases once more as we go through the mesosphere, which is the layer between 50 and 80 km. The temperatures in this layer reach 190-180 K (-83 to -93 ⁰C)at an altitude of 80 km. In this region, concentrations of ozone and water vapor are negligible. Hence the temperature is lower than that of the troposphere or stratosphere. With increasing distance from Earth's surface the chemical composition of air becomes strongly dependent on altitude and the atmosphere becomes enriched with lighter gases. At very high altitudes, the gases begin to form into layers according to molecular mass (weight), because the force of gravity is greater on the heavier molecules. It is in this layer that foreign bodies (such as meteors and spacecraft) entering the atmosphere start to warm up.

♥Stratosphere♥

Stratosphere

The structure of the Earth's atmosphere: Stratosphere

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Stratosphere The stratosphere is the second major stratus (layer) of air in the atmosphere. It resides between 10 and 50 km above the planet's surface. The air temperature in the stratosphere remains relatively constant up to an altitude of 25 km. Then it increases gradually to 470-490 ^oC at the boundary with mesosphere, the stratopause ( which is at a height of ~50 km). The boundary is marked by a decrease in temperature. Because the air temperature in the stratosphere increases with altitude, it does not cause convection and has a stabilising effect on atmospheric conditions in the region.

Ozone plays the major role in regulating the thermal regime of the stratosphere, since water vapor content within the layer is very low. The ozone absorbs the sun's ultraviolet radiation and warms up, therefore temperature increases with ozone concentration.

♥Troposphere♥

Troposphere

Structure of the Earth's Atmosphere : Troposphere

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Troposphere The troposphere is the atmospheric layer closest to the planet and contains the largest percentage of the mass of the total atmosphere. It is characterized by the density of its air and an average temperature decrease with height ( lapse rate ) of 6 ^oC per kilometer.

Temperature and water vapour content in the troposphere decrease rapidly with altitude. Water vapour plays a major role in regulating air temperature because it absorbs solar energy and thermal radiation from the planet's surface. The troposphere contains 99 % of the water vapour in the atmosphere. Water vapour concentrations vary with latitudinal position(i.e. North to South). They are greatest above the tropics, where they may be as high as 3 %, and decrease toward the polar regions.

All weather phenomena occur within the troposphere, although turbulence may extend into the lower portion of the stratosphere. Troposphere means "region of mixing" and is so named because of vigorous convective air currents within the layer.

The boundary between the troposphere, and the stratosphere is called the tropopause. The height of the tropopause from the ground ranges from 8 km in high latitudes, to 18 km above the equator. Its height also varies with the seasons; highest in the summer and lowest in the winter. Air temperature within the tropopause remains constant with increasing altitude. The tropopause is a boundary layer defined by a sudden change in lapse rate.

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♥Sources of Energy♥

sources of energy None-renewable Oil (petroleum) Natural gas Coal Uranium (nuclear) electricity Hydrogen Uses of energy science of energy saving energy Renewable Solar Wind Geothermal Biomass Hydro Ocean Energy Timelines What is energy ? What is Electricity ? Resistance and Static Electricity Circuits Stored Energy and Batteries

Energy Electricity nature Static Electricity and Resistance Circuits stored Energy and butteries Fossil Fuels-Coal, Oil and Natural gas Gas Distribution Geothermal Energy Hydro Power Nuclear Energy Ocean Energy Solar Energy Wind Energy Renewable Energy versus Fossil fuels Transpotation

Energy

Energy is the capacity to work. It may exist in many forms. Sun gives its energy in the form of heat and light. Cars are energized by gasoline, a type of chemical stored energy.

Food stored energy enable us to walk around and play. Energy can be found in mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, radial (light) and nuclear forms.

Mechanical Energy

Mechanical energy is divided to:

Stored energy (Potential energy)

Moving energy (kinetic energy)

A lifted object to a certain height stores energy in a potential form. When we leave its holding, it consumes its energy in a moving (kinetic) form. As it is obvious, higher lifts result of further falls.

Energy units

Thermal energy is measured in English unit BTU.

One BTU is the amount of energy to raise on Pound of water to one degree Fahrenheit it higher.

One average candy bar contains about one thousand BTU.

Energy can change its form but there is no creation or destroying form of energy. Energy must be remained in one of known forms.

For instance, chemical energy of a battery transformed to electrical energy which then can be changed to light energy in a flashlight.

Heat Energy

Heat energy is transferred in three forms:

1- Conduction

2- Convection

3- Radiation

♥Energy Safety♥

Energy Safety Lesson Plans

The Energy Safety lesson plans are designed to complement a classroom presentation by a guest speaker from Alliant Energy — i.e., one pre-presentation lesson and one post-presentation lesson in each unit. At the same time, both of a unit’s lessons are stand-alone, so you can use one or the other, or both! To help you integrate them, the lesson plans include learning objectives, a list of applicable national standards, steps for the lesson process, and accompanying reproducibles for the overhead or for handouts. Also included among the lessons are suggested modifications that allow you to extend the curriculum to other subject areas or to reflect different abilities, interests, and learning styles. Lesson plans are provide in printer-friendly Adobe Acrobat PDF format. If you do not have Acrobat Reader, you can download the free software using the link at the bottom of the page.

You can also request printed materials or a classroom presentation by using our online request form:

Request an Alliant Energy Kids classroom presentation or teaching materials

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Energy Safety Lesson 1: Safety Tips In this lesson students prepare for an Alliant Energy presentation on energy safety. More specifically, the lesson focuses on the hazards that both electricity and natural gas can present when they are not properly handled. The lesson uses energy safety as a way for students to learn about specific examples of hazards. In the end, students survey their peers and family members to discover what they know (or don’t know!) about energy safety. Energy Safety Lesson 1: Safety Tips [PDF format – seven pages, 490kb]

Objectives:

• To participate in a simulation that illustrates the flow of electricity.

• To investigate real-world hazards of electricity and/or natural gas.

• To survey families and peers on their understanding of energy safety.

National standards addressed:

• K-4 Science Standard B – Light, Heat, Electricity, and Magnetism

• K-4 Personal Health

• K-4 Language

Time required:

• Teacher preparation: 20 minutes

• Class time: Two 30-45 minute classes, plus outside class time for survey

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Rule

Energy Safety Lesson 2: Energetic Ideas In this lesson, students will take what they have learned about energy safety and apply that knowledge to create a comic strip that illustrates safety tips. From previous classroom work and the Alliant Energy safety presentation, students will have learned that energy safety requires knowledge of certain principles and characteristics of electricity and natural gas. In order to avoid accidents such as electrocution, fires, or explosions, students must be prepared to react appropriately to hazards created by careless or incorrect use of both electricity and natural gas. This lesson will identify how to use energy safely. Energy Safety Lesson 2: Energetic Ideas [PDF format – five pages, 424kb]

Objectives:

• To synthesize and apply energy safety information.

• To identify potential safety hazards associated with the use of electricity and natural gas.

• To create an energy safety statement presented in a cartoon format.

National standards addressed:

• K-4 Science Standard B – Light, Heat, Electricity, and Magnetism

• K-4 Personal Health

• K-4 Language

Time required:

• Teacher preparation: 20 minutes

• Class time: Two 30-45 minute classes

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